"Many reactions in metabolism are controlled by the energy status of the cell. One index of the energy status is the ''energy charge'', which is proportional to the mole fraction of ATP plus half the mole fraction of ADP, given that ATP contains two anhydride bonds whereas ADP contains one. Hence the energy charge is defined as:
$\backslash mbox\; =\; \backslash frac">)\; +\; \backslash frac\; ()\}\; ">)\; +\; ()\; +\; ()\}$


The energy charge can have a value ranging from 0 (all AMP) to 1(all ATP). Daniel Atkinson showed that ATP-generating (catabolic) pathways are inhibited by a high energy charge. In plots of the reaction rates of such pathways versus the energy charge, the curves are steep near an energy charge of 0.9, where they usually intersect. It is evident that control of these pathways has evolved to maintain the energy charge within rather narrow limits. In other words the energy charge like the pH of a cell is buffered. The energy charge of most cells range from 0.8 to 0.95."